A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Addressing Implicit Bias in Policing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2195 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? It has been almost 60 years since the Civil Rights Movement yet underlying racial tensions and documentation of police brutality continue on in America. While criminal activity knows no race, there seems to be a correlation between increased use of force by police officers on people of color compared to their white counterparts (Spencer, Charbonneau, Glasser, 2016). Whether it is media portrayal, or actual bias by officers, the number of deaths at the hands of police officers since 2014 has sparked outcry from the public. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach to Addressing Implicit Bias in Policing" essay for you Create order Much like the 1960s and the height of the Civil Rights Movement, a grassroots movement, Black Lives Matter, has begun to take a stand against what is viewed as excessive policing. Currently there is no cohesive database documenting the number of police related shootings. Empirically based research and literature is limited regarding criminal homicide and police shootings (Bejan, Hickman, Parkin Pozo, 2018). Current research also suggests an under-reporting or misreporting on governmental websites such as The National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) (Feldman, Gruskin, Coull, Krieger, 2017). The creation of the Black Lives Matter Movement (BLM) in response to the shooting of Trayvon Martin has pushed these types of incidents to the forefront of media. The coverage, negative or positive have sparked conversation and research into these matters. Though racism, racial discord and the use of excessive force by police officers is not a new subject area, the seemingly increase of unarmed individuals being shot by police, social media encounters of racism and misuse of police resources by individuals reporting people of color for infractions such as studying in their dorms (Wootson, 2018) or hosting a barbeque (Fernow, 2018) have opened the door for more research (Bejan, Hickman, Parkin Pozo, 2018). One area of research questions the role of implicit bias in racial interactions, particularly in regard to police interactions with persons of color (Plant Peruche, 2005; Correll, Park, Judd, Wittenbrink, Sadler Keesee, 2007; Spencer, Charbonneau, Glasser, 2016). Implicit bias holds to the idea that individuals are unaware of their own biases that affect their behavior, often in a discriminatory manner (Selmi, 2018). Due to the ignorance of their own bias, behaviors and responses can be attributed to external influences and events, rather than recognizing the internal workings occurring (Plant Peruche, 2005). Coupled with this underlying theory is a response on ways to counteract implicit bias, specifically in police training. Police departments themselves are seeking ways to better train their officers in an attempt to reduce fatalities. Researchers, as well, are considering the implementation of cognitive-behavioral based training as well as exposure-based training in an attempt to minimize implicit bias, therefore reducing the number of police brutality incidents (Kawakami, Dovidio, Moll, Hermsen, Russin, 2000; Lai, Marini, Lehr, Cerruti, Shin, Joy-Gaba, Nosek, 2014; Plant Peruche, 2005). Cognitive-behavioral approaches to treatment focus on the observable or overt behavior as well as the non-observable or covert behavior. The theory examines the importance of the current environment, in this case, that of police encounters, and the development of problematic behaviors; excessive force or police brutality (Plante, 2011). Addressing the overt and covert behaviors through exposure to individuals of different ethnicities through computer simulation, real life intergroup experiences and counter stereotypical materials are areas of methodology under examination. Working to find a more adaptive response to perceived threat through counterconditioning, as well as behavioral rehearsal associated with high stress situations is of consideration as well (Spencer, Charbonneau, Glaser, 2016; Lai et al., 2014; Kawakami et al., 2000). Understanding the underlying behaviors and thought processes and addressing them with a multi-faceted treatment of cognitive behavioral and exposure techniques to address implicit bias within police training, may bring about a reduction in the use of excessive force and incidents of police brutality. This paper examines cognitive-behavioral approaches to reducing implicit bias, specifically looking assessing the effects of exposure training and counter-stereotyping as two successful means of treatment. Counterarguments to these treatments are also presented. Literature Review While some would like to believe they are living in a post-racial America, where race and racism is virtually non-existent, statistics reveal that over the last three years, concerns about racism and race relations has sharply risen to 47% in the United States (Swift Gallop, Inc., 2017). One of the underlying factors that researchers have found contributing to this increase is the number of highly publicized shootings of unarmed Black individuals (Swift Gallop, Inc., 2017). In response, current literature has looked to examine the possible underlying factors that are impacting this rise in shootings. Implicit bias has been considered as one of these elements of influence on these incidents. As previously mentioned, implicit biases are unconscious prejudices that individuals hold, typically toward another person and behaviors associated in response are often negative and discriminatory toward the object of these biases (Selmi, 2018). As an example of implicit bias at work, Eberhardt, Goff, Purdie, Davies (2004) found that the sight of a Black face could generate notions of crime, with the inverse true as well. If the mere thought of, or visual cue of a Black individuals presence could lead to this thought process, how much more so could it escalate a situation? These consequences of implicit bias are being addressed by researchers by seeking to counteract the biases themselves. Some have suggested embracing a colorblind ideology as a means to counteracting racism, and racial bias. Colorblind ideology, at its core seeks to remove color from the equation, and present itself as egalitarian and just, contributing acts of perceived racism to outlying factors. However, as Bonilla-Silva (2014) has discovered, it has simply enabled a new form of racism, allowing for the continuation of systemic racism, including in the realm of policing. While research provides varied means of treatment to reduce or neutralize implicit bias, current literature suggests that the most successful reductions occur with a combination of treatment approaches, namely cognitive-behavioral based training coupled with exposure-based training (Plant Peruche, 2005; Kawakami et al.,2000; Lai et al., 2014). Cognitive-Behavioral Based Training Cognitive-behavioral therapy became popular in the 1970s in response to recognition of limitations found within strict behavioral therapy, specifically the identification of the role that thoughts, attitudes and feelings had on behavior. This awareness brought about an integrative model of the current behavioral practices with more cognitive approaches. This integration recognized the importance of not only the observable outward behavior, but that of the inner workings of thought processes and emotions. Based upon principles of learning and the workings of experimental psychology, cognitive-behavioral therapy recognizes the function of behavior being influenced by thoughts, attitudes and feelings (Plante, 2011). With this understanding, researchers have sought to implement treatments based in this approach to reduce an individuals implicit bias, which should therefore reduce the behaviors associated with said bias. Exposure based training. An area of exploration in seeking to reduce implicit bias is through the avenue of exposure. Exposure based therapy can be a gradual process; slowly exposing an individual to something they fear, or it can occur all at once (Plante, 2011). In the case of implicit bias and policing, an officer may not be outright ?afraid of a person of color, yet, their underlying biases may manifest in rapidness to fire their weapon when encountering them in a high stress situation. One of the least risky forms of exposure found within the literature was that of a computer-based program. Within this study, officers were presented with images of Black and White men with either a weapon or a neutral object. Initially officers were more likely to fire their weapon in response to a Black face, regardless of the presence of weapon or not. Over time was found that over time, with repeated exposure to images of Black men and a neutral object, officer shootings decreased, and accuracy increased. Authors of the study correlated repeated non-threating exposure to Black men and lack of shooting by officers with a reduction in bias. (Plant Peruche, 2005). Exposure through intergroup contract has been suggested as way to reduce implicit bias in officers. Allport (1954) speculated that in order to reduce biases four criteria should be met. Individuals of the ingroup, in this instance, police, would meet with the outgroup, regularly, and were considered as holding equal status as humans, while seeking the same goal, in this case peace and reduced incidents, and this effort was supported by those in authority, then prejudice and bias could be reduced. Community based police programs, (Gill, Weisburd, Telep, Vitter, 2014) and collaboration with those considered to be the outgroup, in this case, those that are on the receiving end of bias, example of implementation of these elements A meta-analysis of intergroup contact found that with increased contact, prejudice decreased. It was also found that the removal of choice for participation in intergroup contact within some studies found an actual greater decrease in prejudice than in studies where participants were given a choice. Results were found to be generalized outside of the specific members of the intergroup to members of the entire outgroup as well, even having had zero prior contact. While Allports (1954) four conditions for intergroup exposure strengthened the response, that is, prejudice was reduced, it was found that even apart from all requirements being met, that intergroup contact reduced prejudice (Pettigrew, Troup, 2006). By interacting regularly with individuals outside of their group, in a positive manner, implicit bias is reduced. Counter-prejudicial training. Using counter-prejudicial training to change the response and action (excessive force and or shooting) outcomes in reaction to the presence of minority suspects. The focus of this training seeks to change the stereotypical narrative that invokes a negative response and replace it with a counter one. For example, if the stereotype is Black men are gangbangers who wear low riding pants and oversized shirts, dealing drugs in the streets, the narrative would replace it with a helpful Samaritan, who happened to be a Black man, intervening in a crime that is occurring. This is a simplistic example, however the idea behind it remains. Calanchini, Gonsalkorale, Sherman, Klauer (2013) conducted a study implementing counter-prejudicial narratives postulating the idea that if an individual could be trained to respond to images of Black men in a counter-prejudicial way, they could reduce the persons implicit biases, as well as reinforce the mental process that aid in diminishing the impact of biased associations. Participants were trained in either a counter-prejudicial manner or a pro-prejudicial manner, a control was not trained in either direction. Using images of neutral faced expressions of Black and White men, participants were primed with relating either a negative or positive word to the image. Following this training, they were given an Implicit Association Test linking Black and White with either pleasant or unpleasant words. Results showed that training individuals in a counter-prejudicial manner showed less triggering of biased responses. However, they found that there was not an increase or decrease in bi ased responses from those trained in the pro-prejudicial manner. Calanchini et al.s (2013) findings are supported by current literature. Lai et al. (2014) conducted a comparative study of seventeen interventions for reducing implicit bias; one of these interventions was presenting a counter-prejudicial (counter-stereotypical) narrative. Within this vein, four different studies were conducted; a counter-narrative story, a counter-narrative story that places the participant within the story, images pairing the word ?good with the image of Black man and ?bad with a White man, and then only images of a Black man with the word good. Results showed involving the participant in the counter-stereotypic narrative greatly reduced implicit bias. It has been suggested that by re-training associations, there is an ability to negate stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes; in so doing, there is a reduction in implicit bias (Kawakami et al., 2000). Criticism and Counter Solutions. While there are numerous studies supporting the reduction of implicit bias through cognitive-behavioral training; specifically using a counter-stereotypic presentation, there are suggestions within the literature that it (counter-stereotypic presentation) may not be the most effective means due to concerns about the longevity of effect (Burns, Monteith, Parker, 2017). An alternative proposition is found in motivation, by either internal or external influence, and its relation to self-regulation in the reduction or suppression of implicit bias (Devine, Plant, Amodio, Harmong-Jones, Vance, 2002; Hausmann, Ryan, 2004). The source of motivation for individuals to not express prejudicial attitudes may be more effective is the source is an internal motivation. The desire to not appear prejudice due to external pressure, i.e. it is not acceptable, may not be strong enough to control those attitudes privately. However, an internal desire to consciously not act or appear prejudice may strengthen the ability to overcome implicit bias (Butz Plant, 2009). Studies have found, those with higher levels of internal motivation were able to regulate prejudicial attitudes in a variety of situations and varying levels of pressure. Whereas those whos motivation was strictly external were unable to manage prejudicial attitudes in situations that placed them in a position with higher pressure and little control (Burns et al., 2017; Butz Plant, 2009). Furthermore, when individuals were made aware of their biased behaviors, thoughts or actions, and these actions were not in alignment with their personal convictions, it created feelings of guilt. These incongruencies between actions and personal convictions led to a greater reduction in implicit bias (Butz Plant, 2009; Lai, Hoffman, Nosek, 2013).

The Ethics Of Corporate Ethics Programs - 1568 Words

Corporate Ethics programs are a tactic to promote ethical awareness amongst all employees within an organization at all ranks from entry level employees up to the executives. They provide great educational tools, providing employee knowledge on how to resolve ethical issues in any ethical dilemma they may encounter in their day to day activities or long term projects. They also assist organizations with increasing their performance therefore improving prosperity and making profits. Ethics programs help avoid scandals, by ensuring the organization abide by the laws in place, know how to respond when faced with a questionable situation, and how to report unethical actions they discover. Organizations must have a formal ethic plan in place to†¦show more content†¦Ã¯Æ'Ëœ An ethics program can also support the organization in dealing with regulation and technology changes. Organizations without ethical programs in place it will support management competing globally and set a new standard for organizations. The following elements are key to guarantee a strong ethics program and clearly state expectations for all individuals involved in the organizations doings no matter the ranking of the individual; employees, managers, or even members of the board of directors for the organization. All individuals being held to the same standard ensures no one can say they are being treated unfairly. Risk Assessments Every year the organization should complete a risk assessment to identify any high risk factors. Upon the completion of the risk assessment actions will be taken to alleviate any risks identified. A detailed report will then be provided to all members of the board of directors to ensure they are knowledgeable of what is happening. Internal and External Communication Communication must be clear and concise among all employees of the organization to prevent potential miscommunications and confusion. Managers should send personalized communication regularly. Senior managers should take initiative, if the need arises, to direct appropriate methods for employees to implement and follow. Consistent Appraisal and Enforcement The organization culture should beShow MoreRelatedEssay about Corporate Ethics Program3992 Words   |  16 Pagescontinued to grow. Consumers increasingly look to support and buy from companies that make ethical decisions. The government has also created new legislation that requires a certain level of ethics and creates encouragement for companies to go as far as to create ethics programs. The idea of â€Å"business ethics† is not new, but there is more pressure now than ever before on companies to prove they are making an honest effort to be ethical. 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U.s. Passport And Visa Database - 1691 Words

Introduction In July 24, 2014, one crazy thing happened, especially affected all U.S. travelling people. The U.S. passport and visa database crashed! The database is used to record, approve and print visas and other related documents for global people who plan to go U.S. for travelling. All international students in U.S. should apply and receive the visa before they come to U.S. More than 50,000 applicants had to delay their travelling (Press, 2014). Today ‘Big data’ is more popular than before, the performance of a database is becoming extremely important, including family life, school studying, office work and all business. Providing reliable and faster database services is the goal of organizations including any business, schools, and†¦show more content†¦Hardware To improve and better system performance, high quality hardware is extremely important. In a database system, hardware includes many parts, such as CPU processing power, available primary memory (RAM), hard disk, and network about high-speed connection (Coronel and Morris, 2015). For CPU basic requirement, normally it should have dual-core CPU or higher to increase the database performance as fast as possible. The larger RAM is, the computer will run faster. Hard disk is essential to the fast speed for a database environment. Finally, without a high speed network connection, high database performance cannot be guaranteed. Today, switches are much faster than hubs. Using switches instead of hubs can improve the network effectivity and efficiency. A reliable and high speed network can improve the database performance and reduce response time. However, in a real world, unlimited hardware support is impossible. Company normally purchase the maximized possible based on the budget cost. Software The other important element is software for a database performance. Software includes operating system, network for best throughput and application software (Coronel and Morris, 2015). . Today, 64-bit OS is a better choice for operation system selection. It normally can perform a better system performance than 32-bit OS system; also it has a better server application performance than others. For

Analyses of Little Red Cap Story Free Essays

Almost the whole story takes place somewhere in a village surrounded by dense forests. Story is set rather in the past time, but as I see it, it’s imaginative which makes it impossible to decide really when this actually occurred. Nature is well described and there are even some good detail descriptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyses of Little Red Cap Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance; â€Å"†¦. sunbeams dancing here and there through the trees†, which made the best impression on me. Description of the nature was undeniably very important. Mainly because I think that by describing the nature well, the writer wanted to scare kids away from lonely forests. Little Red-cap can be described as a young, innocent girl that is going trough a period of time, where everything seems right. She seems to be well nurtured, which is shown in the text when she accepts her moms favor. In the same time she makes some bad decisions (ex. letting the wolf know everything) which shows her obvious immaturity. She is loved by everyone. The relationship between her and the grandmother are maybe strongest one of them all. If she really develops at the end the story is hard to say. It is true that she says in the very last lines of the text that she will from now on listen better to her mother. However, story ends with little Red-cap saying this, so what she actually does afterwards remain unknown. Symbols can be seen from different perspectives. According to me Little red-cap represents a immature human being, with proper behavior but also with a lack of knowledge. Unable to see evil herself, she opens herself up, and gives information to others, not thinking about the possible consequences. Wolf is the â€Å"unseen† evil, that represents trouble for the human being. The huntsman represents help. He is mature and he is aware of evilness. In a way he could be seen as God. He is giving the human being a second chance. Although the wolf caused trouble for the human being, in a way he helped her. Without him and his acts, the human being would perhaps still make same mistakes, which is, not listening to elders. The language used in the story is a bit odd and old. The writer used words like whither, craftily, nosegay, thou, thee. I didn’t found it hard to read, but I believe that the story could be a bit more interesting if the writer used more modern and frequent words and phrases. The good thing about the text is that it was both narrative and had some dialogues in it. It is more interesting that way. The story is not exactly emotional, neither is the used language. This however doesn’t stop it from being a good version of Little Red Ridding Hood. When I read this fairy tale I didn’t felt anything, simply because of the fact that it is a fairy tale. In the mean time it made me think about my childhood and the days when I was sitting in front of TV for hours, watching Little Red Ridding Hood. I remember it was one of my absolute favorite fairy tales. It felt nice to rewind that time. Right now, I don’t really have much to say about it. I personally haven’t learnt anything about life by reading this fairy tale now, but I know that it changed my thinking when I read it and saw it on TV as a child. Little Red RiddingHood is a great fairy tale for kids because in the same time as it entertains it is informing kids to be more careful with the strangers. Not only that, it also conveys a message that if you don’t want to get in trouble, then you should listen to elders and be more obedient. How to cite Analyses of Little Red Cap Story, Essay examples

Stereotyping (Black Men in Public Space) free essay sample

Stereotypes typically appeal to sex and race, but generally, almost anything can be transitioned into a stereotype. Mr. Brent Staples, author of the essay â€Å"Black Men and Public Space†, is targeted by judgment because of his race. This essay sheds light on the mistreatment towards an ordinary African American male. Ultimately, Staples is the victim of stereotype. Appearance and physique play a role in stereotyping. The way an individual looks and presents them selves determines the judgment of them by others. Staples, an African-American male who stands approximately 74 inches in height, can be mistaken for a criminal simply by his physical appearance. Staples is caught in a dilemma where he happens to notice a Caucasian female in her early twenties displaying signs of worry as he casually walks the streets of Hyde Park. In the essay by Brent Staples, he says, â€Å"After a few more quick glimpses, she picked up her pace and was soon running in earnest† (Staples 294). We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotyping (Black Men in Public Space) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What Staples is explaining in this observation is that this woman is afraid. This young woman witnessed Staples physical appearance and quickly made a judgment in which she assumed the worse. This judgment puts Staples in a situation where he is no longer innocent. Staples experiences what it is like to be deemed a threat, but in reality he is victimized by a stereotype. Subliminal stereotyping is miserably carried on throughout generations. Stereotypes get thrown around within society even to this day. Generation after generation is being exposed to these harmful statements that promote negativity. Staples says â€Å"It was in the echo of that terrified woman’s footfalls that I first began to know the unwieldy inheritance I’d come into – the ability to alter public space in ugly ways† (Staples 294). Staples makes known that somehow he has innocently become a threat to the public. He implies that he is forcefully a victim of stereotyping simply because of his African-American inheritance. Judgmental perceptions of a young, innocent and kindhearted African-American male have conclusively proved that generations of stereotyping continue to exist and victimize Staples. Forms of violence can arise from stereotyping. Violence can range from an unspoken insulting thought to a physical force against an individual. Violence promotes negativity in every way, shape and form. Staples conveys the thought that â€Å"Where fear and weapons meet – and they often do in urban America – there is always the possibility of death† (Staples 295). Staples allows the audience to realize the potential danger imposed on the victims of stereotyping. Under Staples circumstances, the fears exhibited by individuals around him inflict conceivable danger towards him. As a victim of stereotypes, Staples risks becoming a victim of death if someone were to foolishly act on their fear. Fear can be communicated through actions resulting from an initial stereotype. Stereotypes have the potential to instill fear into the minds of those who willing and unwillingly seek it. Thus many individuals fail to realize the feebleminded impression of hate and fear they exemplify through their actions. Staples says â€Å"I could cross in front of a car stopped at a traffic light and elicit the thunk, thunk, thunk, thunk of the driver black, white, male, or female – hammering down the door locks† (Staples 295). Staples describes a perfectly vivid example of individuals showing discriminatory acts towards him. The individual in the car exemplifies the subliminal expression of fear by making a conscious effort to lock the doors of the car as Staples walks by. Staples must feel an insulting form of bewilderment as he is once again victimized by a stereotype. Appearance and physique played major roles in the initial judgments made by others whole saw Staples. Many generations of stereotypes have been passed on and continue to be exercised. Unfortunately this has lead to forms of violence and fear being instilled in one another to address these stereotypes. Staples communicated in vivid details the realistic point of view of what it is like to be a true victim of frequent stereotyping. Works Cited Staples, Brent. â€Å"Black Men and Public Space†. The Seagull Reader Essays. 2nd Edition. Kelly, Joseph. London: W. W. Norton Company, 2008. 294 – 297. Print.

What is Personality Essay

Personality can be generally described in this personality essay as the characteristics make up of an individual that influence their psychological environment. It can be described in scientific terms in a personality essay introduction as follows: "Personality is an established and structured collection of psychosomatic traits and mechanisms in the individual that affects his or her interactions with and adaptations to the psychological, physical and social setting in which they dwell." Aspects of Personality From the above definition, the three aspects of personality that will be highlighted in this personality essay are: Personality is Stable Personality doesn't change on a daily basis but takes a long time if it were to change a small margin. For personality to change, the individual must undergo some traumatic or life-changing experience whereby the change will be limited and very gradual. Personality Comprises of Properties and Mechanisms The personality of an individual can be split into various components and characteristics. The characteristics of personality have been identified and classified into various categories over time. Personality is Ever Present The personality of an individual is always present in any setting that they might be in. Their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are always influenced by their personalities in relation to the context and time they are interacting with any social phenomenon. It is the personalities that will aid the social actors to adjust and adapt to the daily challenges in their environments. In another personality essay argument, the natural biological processes and requirements influence the personality of individuals. Personality Profiles The following 16 types of personalities will be briefly explored through our example of personality profile essay. The codes are derived from the preference of two functions of general attitude - Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N), and judging - Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F) - Extraverted (E) vs. Introverted (I); perception. INFP - The Idealist Idealistic, quiet, and reflective. Very eager to offer service to humanity. INFJ - The Protector Sensitive, original, and quietly forceful. Keen on ensuring things are done. ISTP - The Mechanic Quiet and reserved, interested in how and why things work. Good skills in mechanical things. ISTJ - The Duty Fulfiller Serious and quiet, fascinated with peaceful living and keen on security. Very thorough, dependable and responsible INTJ - The Scientist Analytical, original, determined and independent. Possess talent for deriving solid plans of action form theories. INTP - The Thinker Rational, innovative, creative thinkers. Theories and ideas excite them very much. ISFP - The Artist Tranquil, thoughtful, sensitive and caring. Dislike conflict, and avoid engaging in activities and situations that can cause conflicts. ISFJ - The Nurturer Calm, kind, and careful. Are dependable to follow through on issues and selfless. ESFP - The Performer High-spirited and people-oriented, good at creating fun around other people. ESTJ - The Guardian Down-to-earth, conventional, and orderly. Athletic predisposition and minimized interest towards theory or abstraction if there is no practical application ESTP - The Doer Welcoming, flexible, and action-oriented. They are focused on speedy results. ENFP - The Inspirer Passionate, principled, and creative. Ability to do anything that captivates them. ENFJ - The Giver Admirable and thoughtful, with exceptional communication skills. Externally focused, and genuinely concerned with the thoughts and feelings of others. ENTP - The Visionary Imaginative, ingenious, and intellectually hasty. Usually multi-talented. ENTJ - The Executive Confident, candid and good leadership skills. Have the brilliant skill to comprehend difficult organizational challenges and produce solid solutions. ESFJ - The Caregiver Warm-hearted, admired and careful. They tend to prioritize the needs of others above theirs. The above classifications of personalities are generally applied in the process of how to describe a person personality in essay. Personality Theories In the past, there existed in several personality essay examples a strong debate among scholars on the exact number of how many personality categories are in existence. Some, like Gordon Allport, were of the idea there are as many as 4000 personalities traits. Some other scholars like Raymond Cattell in his essay about personality proposed only sixteen. Most modern researchers propose the Five Factor theory which outlines five broad categories that make up human personality. The following five categories have been identified as standard in big five personality traits essay: Agreeableness Conscientiousness Extraversion Neuroticism Openness Personality Disorders and Illnesses When tasked to write a "describe your personality essay" or a "my personality essay", you need to be clear on the meaning of some terms. Personality disorders or illnesses are dysfunctional conditions of mental instability in which the feelings, thoughts and behaviors are rendered in rigid and unhealthy patterns resulting in problematic associations with the surrounding people and situations. There are many disorders and illnesses that the personality of an individual might suffer from. The disorders can be brought about by or their presence or onset signaled by the following conditions: Verbal abuse by caregivers or colleagues Relationships with peers High sensitivity to stimuli (sound, smell, emotions) Genetic predispositions Personality disorders are quite challenging because some can make the patient not realize that they are sick and can actually blame those close to them for the challenges that they face. Most of the personality disorders start in teenagehood and early adulthood. Some are radical and violent in nature while others are less obvious. There are three categories into which the personality disorders are categorized according to the similarities of the symptoms and characteristics they exhibit. There are many disorders associated with the personality that we can't explore all of them but highlight the three broad categories this essay on personality. Clusters of Personality Disorders Cluster A The disorders in this category are portrayed by strange, unconventional thoughts or behaviors. They include the following disorders: Schizoid Schizotypal Paranoid Cluster B The disorders in this group are described by dramatic, excessively emotional or erratic thoughts or behavior. The disorders are as follows: Antisocial personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Cluster C The personality disorders categorized in this cluster are depicted by apprehensive, fearful acting or thinking. They include the following disorders: Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive Every personality essay recommends that if you note any symptom of any personality disorder in you or anybody else, you should seek medical attention from your nearest healthcare provider or mental health institution. If any of the mental disorders remains unattended, it can cause significant damage to you or anyone around you. Causes of Personality Disorders The careful act of balancing emotions, thoughts and behaviors is the responsibility of the personality. It bears the two social perspectives every social being bears: the inward and outward perspectives. Personality is formed early in life when a child starts socializing and gradually gets shaped by growing up into adulthood through a combination of the following two aspects as shown in any personality essay: Genetics. In the event of reproduction, gene inheritance may predispose one to a particular condition passed on from their parents. These traits may seldom be referred to as your temperament. The environment. The settings in which you grow up, events that take place and relationships forged with family members and others members of the society. Disorders arise when there is a fluke in one or both of the above aspects. An individual's genes may render them vulnerable to certain conditions and a traumatic situation may trigger the development. Risk Factors for Developing Personality Disorder Despite the fact that there is no clear cause for a particular personality disorder, some factors have been identified on the negative in increasing the chances of developing a disorder. The risk factors listed below can aid describe your personal essay: As a child one suffered childhood conduct disorder Childhood family life jumbled up, uncertain, or abusive Differences in brain chemistry and organization History of personality disorders or other mental illness in the family Complications Arising from Personality Disorders Personality disorders can have very undesirable effects on both the patients and those around the patients. The disorder can affect the way that you relate to other members of the society, the way you do your job or can seriously hinder your studies. Personality disorders can cripple the patient ability to socialize leading to isolation, alcohol and drug abuse. On the severe end, instances of violent outbursts, injuries to both parties and even suicide have been reported. From a retrospective analysis of personality essay, it is apparent that those aspects of one's personality that are tied to the main culture will remain unchanged over a long time as compared to those tied to personal standards and ethics. Culture takes a long time to design, mold and set in place, as such, those elements of personality associated with the culture will follow a similar trend. Conclusion From the above essay about personality, we can say that personality defines the way in which people socialize with each other and react to other phenomena in the society. Despite the personality being hard to change, we can influence some aspects of the personality according to the prevailing circumstances as discussed in this personality essay.

Global politics of the environment essays

Global politics of the environment essays Lorainne Elliot begins his article by saying that an exact definition of global environmental governance cannot be grasped but he depicts it as a useful shorthand to describe changes in contemporary international political practice; as a metaphor for world collective life; and as a Trojan horse for neoliberalism and green corporatism. From his opening statement, we can already see that Elliot views global environmental governance with a suspicious eye. Elliot goes on to state that global environmental governance reflects, constitutes and masks global relations of power and powerlessness. It is neither normatively neutral or benign Elliot looks beyond the surface and digs deeper into the structure of the problem, claiming that global environmental governance normalizes neoliberal policies, as embodied by the WTO and World Bank. Further, our group believes that since the US contributes a large sum to the funding of the WB and WTO, and since most of the employees of the said institutions are trained under neoliberal principles, these institutions reflect the interests and the voice of the US. This is an embodiment of the realists hegemonic stability theory. Going back to the article, Elliot further argues that local voices are marginalized. The author states that environmental issues are gaining importance because environmental degradation is happening at an alarming rate. Because of this, there is a pressing need for global environmental governance. Elliot also sees the state as incapable of addressing the transnational environmental issues. Furthermore, Elliot asserts that environmental issues are eroding state sovereignty because of its transnational nature. Elliot argues that the key to global environmental governance is democracy. Democracy will ensure justice and equity. More often that not, the voices of Third World countries and the poor are not heard and they are the ...